Programming Design Pattern - Decorator Pattern Applied - Best Practise

Hi there!

Today i'm gonna show the decorator design pattern in action. The decorator design pattern is a largelly used programming design pattern while dealing with grafics, trees and dynamic changes during runtime.

It is also a greate choice if you are looking or trying to do recursion with. I love it. In this post we will implement a students decoration. We will decorate it with degrees and doctor titles. A nice example to see how it works in the real world.

First of all, let's take a look at the UML diagram of it in its simpliest variety. After that we will take the analogy for our example.

The simpliest UML Decorator Pattern

Pay close attention, because once you understand that, everything will become clear and simple to understand. That's the reason I'm putting the simplest model here first.

Understanding the Details

The decorable will be every concrete implementation of the common interace Decorable. The decorators will be every implementation of the abstract class Decorator. Which defines the decorator's contract holding an instance to decorables. Let's dive into some code to fix it:
 

// 1. COMMON INTERFACE FOR DECORABLES
public interface Decorable {
    public String getDescription();
}
// 2. THE ABSTRACT DECORADOR WHICH HOLDS A REFERENCE TO DECORABLES
public abstract class Decorator implements Decorable {
    protected Decorable component;
    public Decorator(Decorable component){
        super();
        this.component=component;
    }
}

The Analogy to our Students example

Let's start again with the UML diagram first:

The common decorable Girl

Here we start with the analogies. The interface Girl is the decorable. GirlDecorator defines the abstract decorator's contract with the concrete decorators bellow.

// 1. COMMON INTERFACE FOR DECORABLES
public interface Girl {
    public String getDescription();
}
// 2. THE ABSTRACT DECORADOR WHICH HOLDS A REFERENCE TO DECORABLES 
public abstract class GirlDecorator implements Girl {
    protected Girl girl;
    public GirlDecorator(Girl girl){
        super();
        this.girl=girl;
    }
}
// 3. DEFINING CONCRETE DECORATORS
public class Science extends GirlDecorator {
    public Science(Girl girl) {super(girl);}
    @Override
    public String getDescription() {
        // DECORATES WITH A SCIENCE'S DEGREE
        return girl.getDescription() + "+Like Science";
    }
    public void caltulateStuff() {
        // ADDS NEW FEATURES (METHOD) TO IT
        System.out.println("scientific calculation!");
    }
}
public class Art extends GirlDecorator {
    public Art(Girl girl) {super(girl);}
    @Override public String getDescription() {return girl.getDescription() + "+Like Art";}
    public void draw() {System.out.println("draw pictures!");}
}
public class Doctor extends GirlDecorator {
    public Doctor(Girl girl) {super(girl);}
    @Override public String getDescription() {return girl.getDescription() + "+Like Doctor";}
    public void calculateStuff() {System.out.println("doctor calculation!");}
    public void doctorTitle() {System.out.println("doctor title");}
}

The Decorables

AmericanGirl and EuropeanGirl are the decorable that will be decorated with degrees and doctor tittles at runtime enhancing its curriculum and abilities.

// 4. AN AMERICAN GIRL WILL BE DEFINED AS A DECORABLE
public class AmericanGirl implements Girl {
    private String description="";
    // NORMAL AMERICAN GIRL
    public AmericanGirl(){
        super();
        description = "+American";
    }
    @Override public String getDescription() {return description;}
}
public class EuropeanGirl implements Girl {
    private String description="";
    public EuropeanGirl() {
        super();
        description = "+European";
    }
    @Override public String getDescription() {return description;}
}

Testing it

Now let's see in practise how it looks like. How we can decorate and enhance its abilities at runtime

public class Client {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // COMMOM GIRL
        Girl girl;
        
        // CREATING NORMAL AMERICAN GIRL
        girl = new AmericanGirl();
        System.out.println(girl.getDescription());
 
        // DECORANTING AMERICANA GIRL WITH SCIENCE'S DEGREE
        girl = new Science(girl);
        System.out.println(girl.getDescription());
 
        // DECORANTING AMERICANA GIRL WITH ART'S DEGREE
        girl = new Art(girl);
        System.out.println(girl.getDescription());
        
        // EUROPEAN GIRL HAS ALREADY ALL DEGREES   
        Girl europeia = new Science(new Art(new EuropeanGirl()));
        System.out.println(europeia.getDescription());
        
        // DOCTOR HAS NEW FUNCTIONS    
        girl = new Doctor(girl);
        System.out.println(girl.getDescription());
        // BECAUSE DOCTOR EXTENDS FROM COMMON GIRL, IT CAN DO A DOWNCAST
        ((Doctor)girl).doctorTitle();
        ((Doctor)girl).calculateStuff();
        
        // PAY ATTENTION THAT WE USE THE SAME INSTANCE, BUT THEY BEHAVIOR DIFFERENT
        // AT DIFFERENT TIME SLOTS. THE CLIENT HAS THE IMPRESSION THAT WE HAVE
        // CHANGED THE IMPLEMENTATION, BUT IN FACT NOT.
    }
}

That's all! Hope you like it!

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